Type of Microphones

A beginner-friendly introduction to microphone specifications, helping new users understand the basics and choose the microphone that best fits their needs.

1. Sensitivity

   Sensitivity refers to how easily a microphone picks up sound.
   Higher sensitivity = more responsive microphone, meaning even faint background sounds can be captured. This makes high-sensitivity microphones suitable for recording ambient or environmental sound.
   On the other hand, lower sensitivity microphones are less affected by surrounding noise and are better suited for capturing a single, focused sound source.

2. Impedance

   Impedance is the resistance a microphone presents to electrical current.
   In general, condenser microphones have lower impedance, making them suitable for use with low-power devices such as computers and smartphones.
   Conversely, dynamic microphones usually have higher impedance and require equipment that can deliver more current (e.g., amplifiers, PA systems) or need to be paired with a preamp or audio interface for optimal performance.

3. Frequency Response

   Frequency response describes how a microphone reacts to different sound frequencies.
   It shows whether the mic emphasizes or de-emphasizes certain frequencies during sound capture.
   The range is represented by the difference between the highest and lowest decibel levels the microphone can output.
   A flatter frequency response curve is better, as it indicates more accurate sound reproduction. A curve with large peaks or dips suggests potential distortion at those frequencies.

4. Dynamic Microphone

   Dynamic microphones are more affordable and durable (less prone to damage).
   Due to their lower sensitivity and rich mid-range response (ideal for vocals), they are widely used in noisy environments to isolate single sound sources.
   They are commonly used in karaoke, live concerts (for vocals and instruments), and other stage applications.

5. Condenser Microphone

   Condenser microphones are generally more expensive and delicate, and they require phantom power to operate.
   High-end condenser mics have high sensitivity, capable of capturing subtle, detailed sounds. They are often used in recording studios and broadcast settings, best suited for quiet and controlled environments.
   Because of their lightweight and portable design, entry-level condenser microphones are also widely used in clip-on (lavalier), wireless, and mobile recording setups.

6. Directivity (Polar Pattern)

   Directivity refers to a microphone’s sensitivity to sound coming from different directions.
   (Refer to the diagram below for examples of polar patterns.)
   
   

   Dynamic Microphone vs. Condenser Microphone

   Specification	Dynamic Microphone	Condenser Microphone
   Sensitivity	Low	High
   Impedance	High	Low
   Frequency Response	Narrow	Wide
   Resolution	Low	High
   Power Supply	Not required	Requires phantom power
   Environmental Resistance	Moisture-resistant	Sensitive
   Durability	Durable	Fragile
   Characteristics	Clear midrange, suitable for live vocals	High detail, clear highs and subtleties
   Best Use	KTV, stage performance	Recording studios, quiet environments
   Price	Low	High

   Comparison of Microphone Polar Patterns

   Polar Pattern	Omnidirectional	Cardioid	Supercardioid	Hypercardioid	Bidirectional
   Pickup Direction	360°	Front	Front > Rear	Front > Rear, slight side	Front & Rear
   Application	Ambient sound, mobile sources	Vocals, recording	Vocals, recording	Vocals, recording	Stereo, ambient vocals